According to Brown (2007), there are twelve overarching principles of second language learning from which sound practice springs and on which your teaching can be based.
A.Cognitive Principles
It is the first set of principles ‘’cognitive’’ because they relate mainly to mental and intellectual functions. Cognitive principles have sub principles: (1) Automaticity, (2) Meaningful learning, (3) The Anticipation of Reward, (4) The Intrinsic Motivation Principle, and (5) Strategic Investment.
B.Affective Principles
Those principles are more central to the emotional processing of human beings. They include the feelings about self, about relationships in a community of learners, and about the emotional ties between language and culture. Affective principles have sub principles:
(6) Language Ego, (7) Self-confidence, (8) Risk-taking, and (9) The Language-Culture Connection.
C.Linguistics Principles
The last category is principle of language learning and teaching center on language itself and on how learners deal with these complex linguistic systems. They are: (10) The Native Language Effect, (11) Inter-language, and (12) Communicative Competence.
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