English4All
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3/4/19
2/3/13
1/15/13
WRITING ESSAY
WRITING ESSAY
The language that we use for writing
essays is often more formal than the language that we use in conversation. The
next four pages give you help with the more formal type of language that is
usually used in writing. They give words and phrases that will help you to
write your ideas clearly and naturally, and in a way that is suitable for an
essay.
An
example essay
You
could be asked to write many different types of essays in English during the
course of your studies. These may include factual essays, descriptive essays or
stories. You may also be asked to write letters, emails, reports or pages from
a diary as writing exercises.
The
phrases below all relate to the language you might want to use in a discursive
essay (= an essay in which you are asked to discuss something). The title of
the example essay is: ‘Despite the increased
availability of ‘healthy’ food and our greater knowledge of what makes a
healthy diet, we are fatter and less healthy than ever before.’ Discuss.
Before you start
Make
sure you understand what you are expected to do in writing the essay. If you do
not understand some words, look them up in this dictionary. It might help for
you to put the essay title into more simple language – the process of doing
this will help you to be sure that you understand it. Another way of writing
this essay title might be: Although
we know more about healthy food and healthy eating than ever before, we are
fatter and less healthy than ever before.
In
a discursive essay, you will have to write about the things you agree or
disagree with about the title of the essay, give your reasons for your
opinions, and finally state what your conclusions (= your final opinions) are,
based on the things you have discussed.
Saying what you agree with
You
will first need to read the essay title carefully, and decide what you agree or
disagree with about it or whether you think it is true. Use these words and
phrases to say what you agree with or what you think is true about the
statement:
Certainly
. . .
It
is certainly true that . . .
It
is certainly the case (= true) that . . .
Examples:
Certainly more people than ever before are overweight.
It is certainly the case that we know more about healthy eating than ever
before.
Giving reasons for why you think something is true
Use
these phrases to give reasons why you think something is true about the
statement in the essay title:
Perhaps
this is because . . .
This
could be because . . .
This
could/may/might be a result of . . .
This
could/may/might be due to . . .
This
may be attributable to . . . (formal)
Examples:
Perhaps this is because people today eat the wrong kinds of food.
This could be due to the fact that people today eat the wrong sort of
food.
Giving additional reasons
Use
these words and phrases when you want to give another reason why you agree or
disagree with the statement:
Another
reason (for this) might be . . .
It
is also true/the case that . . .
In
addition . . .
Furthermore
. . .
Moreover
. . .
Cambridge A
1/13/13
English Word Families
ENGLISH WORD FAMILIES
Words often come in
families. You can expand your vocabulary by becoming familiar with these word
families and this can also enable you to become a more fluent speaker and
writer of English. If you know all the possible words within a word family, you
can express yourself in a wider range of ways. For example, if you know the
verb and the noun forms related to the adjective boring, you can say:
• That class was really boring.
• I was really bored in
that class.
• That class was a real bore.
Another reason for paying
attention to word families is that for some exams you have
to know them.
In the list below, the
words printed in bold are words that are very common and important to
learn. The other words in the same row are words in the same family, often
formed with prefixes and suffixes. Sometimes they are just a different part of
speech, for example anger, which is a noun and a verb). All the words in
this list have entries in the dictionary except for some beginning with un-,
im-, in- or ir-, or ending with -ly or -ily,
where the meaning is always regular. Sometimes words in a word family can have
meanings that are very different from others in the group, so you should always
check in the dictionary if you are not sure of the meaning.
Cambridge Advanced Learner's
Dictionary
ability,
disability, inability enable, disable able, unable, disabled ably
acceptance accept
acceptable, unacceptable, accepted acceptably, unacceptably
accident
accidental accidentally
accuracy, inaccuracy accurate,
inaccurate accurately, inaccurately
accusation, the accused,
accuser accuse accusing accusingly
achievement,
achiever achieve achievable
act,
action, inaction, interaction, act, action acting
reaction, transaction
activity,
inactivity activate active, inactive, interactive, proactive actively
addition add additional
additionally
admiration, admirer admire
admirable admirably
advantage,
disadvantage advantageous, disadvantaged, advantageously
advantaged
advertisement, advertiser,
advertise
advertising
advice,
adviser advise advisable, inadvisable, advisory advisedly
agreement,
disagreement agree, disagree agreeable agreeably
aim
aim aimless aimlessly
amazement amaze amazed, amazing
amazingly
anger
anger angry angrily
announcement, announcer announce
unannounced unannounced
appearance,
disappearance, appear, disappear
reappearance reappear
applicant, application apply,
reapply applicable, applied
appreciation appreciate
appreciable, appreciative appreciatively, appreciably
approval, disapproval approve,
disapprove approving, disapproving approvingly
approximation approximate
approximate approximately
argument
argue arguable, argumentative arguably
arrangement, rearrangement
arrange, rearrange
art,
artist, artistry artistic, arty artistically
shame shame ashamed,
unashamed, shameful, shamefully, shamelessly
shameless
attachment attach,
detach attached, unattached, detachable,
detached
attack,
counter-attack, attacker attack, counter-attack
attention,
inattention attend attentive, inattentive attentively
attraction, attractiveness
attract attractive, unattractive attractiveNouns
Verbs Adjectives Adverbs
authority,
authorization authorize authoritarian, authoritative, authoritatively
authorized, unauthorized
availability available,
unavailable
avoidance avoid avoidable,
unavoidable unavoidably
awareness aware,
unaware unawares
base, the basics, basis base
baseless, basic basically
bearer bear bearable,
unbearable
beat, beating beat unbeatable,
unbeaten
beauty,
beautician beautify beautiful beautifully
beginner,
beginning begin
behaviour/US
behavior, behave, misbehave behavioural/US behavioral
misbehaviour/US misbehavior
belief,
disbelief believe, disbelieve believable, disbelieving, unbelievable
unbelievably
block,
blockage block, unblock blocked, unblocked
blood, bleeding bleed
bloodless, bloody
the boil, boiler boil boiling
bore, boredom bore bored,
boring boringly
break,
breakage, outbreak break broken, unbreakable, unbroken
breath, breather,
breathing breathe breathless, breathy breathlessly
brother,
brotherhood brotherly
build, builder, building
build, rebuild
burn, burner burn burning,
burnt
burial bury buried
calculation,
calculator calculate incalculable, calculated, calculating
calm, calmness calm calm
calmly
capability capable,
incapable capably
care,
carer care careful, careless, caring, uncaring carefully, carelessly
celebration, celebrity celebrate
celebrated, celebratory
centre/US
center, centralization, centre/US center, central,
centralized centrally
decentralization
decentralize, centralize
certainty, uncertainty ascertain
certain, uncertain certainly, uncertainly
challenge,
challenger challenge challenging
change,
change changeable, interchangeable,
unchanged,
changing
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES
Prefixes
and suffixes
1.
Prefixes
A
prefix is a group of letters at the beginning of a word which changes the
word’s meaning. Here is a list of the most common prefixes and examples of how
those prefixes are used.
Anglo- relating to the UK or
England an Anglophile
(=
someone who loves England)
ante- before or in front of antedate
• antenatal
anti- 1 opposed to or against anti-racist
laws
2
preventing or destroying an anti-aircraft missile
auto- 1 operating without
being controlled by humans autopilot (= a computer that directs an
aircraft)
2
self an autobiography (= a book that someone writes about their own
life)
bi- two bilingual (=
speaking two languages)
•
bimonthly (= happening twice in a month or once every two months)
centi-, cent- hundred a
centimetre • a century
co- with or together a
co-author • to coexist
contra- against or opposite to contradict
(= say the opposite) • contraception (= something that is used
to
prevent pregnancy)
counter- opposing or as a
reaction to a counter-attack (= an attack on someone who has attacked
you)
cross-
1 across cross-border 2 including different groups or subjects a
cross-party committee (= one formed from many political parties) • cross-cultural
cyber-
involving, using or relating to computers, especially the Internet cybercrime
• cyberculture
de-
to take something away deforestation (= when the trees in an area are
cut down)
dis-
not or the opposite of dishonest • to disagree
e-
electronic, usually relating to the Internet email
•
e-commerce. Note: ‘e-’ is usally joined onto a word with a hyphen (as in
e-commerce) but email is usually written without a hyphen
eco-
relating to the environment eco-friendly tourism
(=
tourism that does not damage the environment)
en-
1 used to form verbs that mean to put into or onto something encase •
encircle 2 used to form verbs that mean to cause to be something enable
• endear
Euro-
relating to Europe Europop (= modern, young people’s music from Europe)
ex-
from before an ex-boyfriend • an ex-boss
extra-
outside of or in addition to extracurricular activities (= activities
that are in addition to the usual school work)
geo-
of or relating to the Earth geophysics • geology
hyper-
having a lot of or too much of a quality hyperactive • hypersensitive (=
more than normally sensitive)
ill-
in a way that is bad or not suitable ill-prepared
•
an ill-judged remark
in-,
il-, im-, ir- not incorrect • illegal • impossible
• irregular
inter-
between or among international
• an interdepartmental meeting
intra-
within an intranet
kilo-
a thousand a kilometre • a kilogram
mega-
1 informal extremely megarich
(=
extremely rich) 2 one million 40 megabytes
micro-
very small a microchip • microscopic
(=
extremely small)
mid-
in the middle of mid-July. • a man in his
mid-forties • mid-afternoon/-morning
milli-
a thousandth a millisecond
mini-
small a miniskirt (= very short skirt) • a minibus
mis-
not or badly mistrust • to misbehave
mono-
one or single monolingual • a monologue
multi-
many a multi-millionaire • a multi-storey car park
neo-
new neo-fascists
non-
not, or the opposite of non-alcoholic drinks
• non-smokers
omni-
everywhere or everything omnipresent
•
omniscient
out-
more than or better than to outgrow • to outnumber • to outdo someone
(= to show that you are better than someone)
10/29/12
Phonology and phonetics
Phonology and Phonetics
Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that comprises the study of the sounds of human speech, or—in the case of sign languages—the equivalent aspects of sign.It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds or signs (phones): their physiological production, acoustic properties, auditory perception, and neurophysiological status. Phonology, on the other hand, is concerned with the abstract, grammatical characterization of systems of sounds or signs.
Bagi semua yang ingin belajar lebih lanjut tentang phonetics dan phonology atau pronunciation baik sound, stress, intonation, maupun phonemic chart, dapat melihat pada link di bawah ini. Dijamin kalian bisa belajar dengan baik karena berbasis flash animation:
http://www.cambridge.org/other_files/Flash_apps/Pronunciation/
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ENGLISH WORD FAMILIES Words often come in families. You can expand your vocabulary by becoming familiar with these word families and t...
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WRITING ESSAY The language that we use for writing essays is often more formal than the language that we use in conversation. The next...