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1/15/13

WRITING ESSAY


WRITING ESSAY

The language that we use for writing essays is often more formal than the language that we use in conversation. The next four pages give you help with the more formal type of language that is usually used in writing. They give words and phrases that will help you to write your ideas clearly and naturally, and in a way that is suitable for an essay.
An example essay
You could be asked to write many different types of essays in English during the course of your studies. These may include factual essays, descriptive essays or stories. You may also be asked to write letters, emails, reports or pages from a diary as writing exercises.
The phrases below all relate to the language you might want to use in a discursive essay (= an essay in which you are asked to discuss something). The title of the example essay is: ‘Despite the increased availability of ‘healthy’ food and our greater knowledge of what makes a healthy diet, we are fatter and less healthy than ever before.’ Discuss.
Before you start
Make sure you understand what you are expected to do in writing the essay. If you do not understand some words, look them up in this dictionary. It might help for you to put the essay title into more simple language – the process of doing this will help you to be sure that you understand it. Another way of writing this essay title might be: Although we know more about healthy food and healthy eating than ever before, we are fatter and less healthy than ever before.
In a discursive essay, you will have to write about the things you agree or disagree with about the title of the essay, give your reasons for your opinions, and finally state what your conclusions (= your final opinions) are, based on the things you have discussed.
Saying what you agree with
You will first need to read the essay title carefully, and decide what you agree or disagree with about it or whether you think it is true. Use these words and phrases to say what you agree with or what you think is true about the statement:
Certainly . . .
It is certainly true that . . .
It is certainly the case (= true) that . . .
Examples:
Certainly more people than ever before are overweight.
It is certainly the case that we know more about healthy eating than ever before.
Giving reasons for why you think something is true
Use these phrases to give reasons why you think something is true about the statement in the essay title:
Perhaps this is because . . .
This could be because . . .
This could/may/might be a result of . . .
This could/may/might be due to . . .
This may be attributable to . . . (formal)
Examples:
Perhaps this is because people today eat the wrong kinds of food.
This could be due to the fact that people today eat the wrong sort of food.
Giving additional reasons
Use these words and phrases when you want to give another reason why you agree or disagree with the statement:
Another reason (for this) might be . . .
It is also true/the case that . . .
In addition . . .
Furthermore . . .
Moreover . . .
Cambridge A

1/13/13

English Word Families


ENGLISH WORD FAMILIES

Words often come in families. You can expand your vocabulary by becoming familiar with these word families and this can also enable you to become a more fluent speaker and writer of English. If you know all the possible words within a word family, you can express yourself in a wider range of ways. For example, if you know the verb and the noun forms related to the adjective boring, you can say:
• That class was really boring.
• I was really bored in that class.
• That class was a real bore.
Another reason for paying attention to word families is that for some exams you have
to know them.
In the list below, the words printed in bold are words that are very common and important to learn. The other words in the same row are words in the same family, often formed with prefixes and suffixes. Sometimes they are just a different part of speech, for example anger, which is a noun and a verb). All the words in this list have entries in the dictionary except for some beginning with un-, im-, in- or ir-, or ending with -ly or -ily, where the meaning is always regular. Sometimes words in a word family can have meanings that are very different from others in the group, so you should always check in the dictionary if you are not sure of the meaning.
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary
ability, disability, inability enable, disable able, unable, disabled ably
acceptance accept acceptable, unacceptable, accepted acceptably, unacceptably
accident accidental accidentally
accuracy, inaccuracy accurate, inaccurate accurately, inaccurately
accusation, the accused, accuser accuse accusing accusingly
achievement, achiever achieve achievable
act, action, inaction, interaction, act, action acting
reaction, transaction
activity, inactivity activate active, inactive, interactive, proactive actively
addition add additional additionally
admiration, admirer admire admirable admirably
advantage, disadvantage advantageous, disadvantaged, advantageously
advantaged
advertisement, advertiser, advertise
advertising
advice, adviser advise advisable, inadvisable, advisory advisedly
agreement, disagreement agree, disagree agreeable agreeably
aim aim aimless aimlessly
amazement amaze amazed, amazing amazingly
anger anger angry angrily
announcement, announcer announce unannounced unannounced
appearance, disappearance, appear, disappear
reappearance reappear
applicant, application apply, reapply applicable, applied
appreciation appreciate appreciable, appreciative appreciatively, appreciably
approval, disapproval approve, disapprove approving, disapproving approvingly
approximation approximate approximate approximately
argument argue arguable, argumentative arguably
arrangement, rearrangement arrange, rearrange
art, artist, artistry artistic, arty artistically
shame shame ashamed, unashamed, shameful, shamefully, shamelessly
shameless
attachment attach, detach attached, unattached, detachable,
detached
attack, counter-attack, attacker attack, counter-attack
attention, inattention attend attentive, inattentive attentively
attraction, attractiveness attract attractive, unattractive attractiveNouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs
authority, authorization authorize authoritarian, authoritative, authoritatively
authorized, unauthorized
availability available, unavailable
avoidance avoid avoidable, unavoidable unavoidably
awareness aware, unaware unawares
base, the basics, basis base baseless, basic basically
bearer bear bearable, unbearable
beat, beating beat unbeatable, unbeaten
beauty, beautician beautify beautiful beautifully
beginner, beginning begin
behaviour/US behavior, behave, misbehave behavioural/US behavioral
misbehaviour/US misbehavior
belief, disbelief believe, disbelieve believable, disbelieving, unbelievable unbelievably
block, blockage block, unblock blocked, unblocked
blood, bleeding bleed bloodless, bloody
the boil, boiler boil boiling
bore, boredom bore bored, boring boringly
break, breakage, outbreak break broken, unbreakable, unbroken
breath, breather, breathing breathe breathless, breathy breathlessly
brother, brotherhood brotherly
build, builder, building build, rebuild
burn, burner burn burning, burnt
burial bury buried
calculation, calculator calculate incalculable, calculated, calculating
calm, calmness calm calm calmly
capability capable, incapable capably
care, carer care careful, careless, caring, uncaring carefully, carelessly
celebration, celebrity celebrate celebrated, celebratory
centre/US center, centralization, centre/US center, central, centralized centrally
decentralization decentralize, centralize
certainty, uncertainty ascertain certain, uncertain certainly, uncertainly
challenge, challenger challenge challenging
change, change changeable, interchangeable,
unchanged,
changing





PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES
Prefixes and suffixes
1. Prefixes
A prefix is a group of letters at the beginning of a word which changes the word’s meaning. Here is a list of the most common prefixes and examples of how those prefixes are used.

Anglo- relating to the UK or England an Anglophile
(= someone who loves England)
ante- before or in front of antedate • antenatal
anti- 1 opposed to or against anti-racist laws
2 preventing or destroying an anti-aircraft missile
auto- 1 operating without being controlled by humans autopilot (= a computer that directs an aircraft)
2 self an autobiography (= a book that someone writes about their own life)
bi- two bilingual (= speaking two languages)
bimonthly (= happening twice in a month or once every two months)
centi-, cent- hundred a centimetre • a century
co- with or together a co-author to coexist
contra- against or opposite to contradict (= say the opposite) • contraception (= something that is used
to prevent pregnancy)
counter- opposing or as a reaction to a counter-attack (= an attack on someone who has attacked you)
cross- 1 across cross-border 2 including different groups or subjects a cross-party committee (= one formed from many political parties) • cross-cultural
cyber- involving, using or relating to computers, especially the Internet cybercrime cyberculture
de- to take something away deforestation (= when the trees in an area are cut down)
dis- not or the opposite of dishonest • to disagree
e- electronic, usually relating to the Internet email
• e-commerce. Note: ‘e-’ is usally joined onto a word with a hyphen (as in e-commerce) but email is usually written without a hyphen
eco- relating to the environment eco-friendly tourism
(= tourism that does not damage the environment)
en- 1 used to form verbs that mean to put into or onto something encase • encircle 2 used to form verbs that mean to cause to be something enable • endear
Euro- relating to Europe Europop (= modern, young people’s music from Europe)
ex- from before an ex-boyfriend • an ex-boss
extra- outside of or in addition to extracurricular activities (= activities that are in addition to the usual school work)
geo- of or relating to the Earth geophysics • geology
hyper- having a lot of or too much of a quality hyperactive • hypersensitive (= more than normally sensitive)
ill- in a way that is bad or not suitable ill-prepared
• an ill-judged remark
in-, il-, im-, ir- not incorrect • illegal • impossible
• irregular
inter- between or among international
• an interdepartmental meeting
intra- within an intranet
kilo- a thousand a kilometre • a kilogram
mega- 1 informal extremely megarich
(= extremely rich) 2 one million 40 megabytes
micro- very small a microchip microscopic
(= extremely small)
mid- in the middle of mid-July. • a man in his
mid-forties • mid-afternoon/-morning
milli- a thousandth a millisecond
mini- small a miniskirt (= very short skirt) • a minibus
mis- not or badly mistrust • to misbehave
mono- one or single monolingual a monologue
multi- many a multi-millionaire a multi-storey car park
neo- new neo-fascists
non- not, or the opposite of non-alcoholic drinks
• non-smokers
omni- everywhere or everything omnipresent
omniscient
out- more than or better than to outgrow to outnumber • to outdo someone (= to show that you are better than someone)

10/29/12

Phonology and phonetics


Phonology and Phonetics
Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that comprises the study of the sounds of human speech, or—in the case of sign languages—the equivalent aspects of sign.It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds or signs (phones): their physiological production, acoustic properties, auditory perception, and neurophysiological status. Phonology, on the other hand, is concerned with the abstract, grammatical characterization of systems of sounds or signs.

Bagi semua yang ingin belajar lebih lanjut tentang phonetics dan phonology atau pronunciation baik sound, stress, intonation, maupun phonemic chart, dapat melihat pada link di bawah ini. Dijamin kalian bisa belajar dengan baik karena berbasis flash animation:
http://www.cambridge.org/other_files/Flash_apps/Pronunciation/


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